-/^-i> 


l.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRIC1  LTURE 
BORIAE  OF  BHT0M0L0GY     CIRCULAR  No.  145. 

Ill  l()\V  AND.  Entomologui  ,nd  Chirf  of  Bure.u. 


II   I   M 


HE  LARGER  CANNA  LEAP-ROLLER. 


F.  II.  CHITTENDEN,  s.  .  D.. 

•nd  Stand  Product  I 


••i  M.  k:   it 


BTJRE  W  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

L.  O.  Howard,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 
( '.  I..  Marlatt,  Entomologist  and  Acting  Chief  in  Absence  of  Chief 

U.  s.  Clifton,  Executive  Assistant. 
W.  V.  Tastet,  Chief  Clerk. 

F.  H.  Chittenden,  in  charge  of  truck  crop  and  stored  product  insert  investigations. 

A.  1).  Hopkins,  in  chargi   of  forest  insect  investigations. 

W.  D.  Hunter,  in  charge  of  southern  .Held  crop  insect  investigations. 

V.  M.  Webster,  in  charge  of  cereal  and  foragi  insect  investigations. 

A.  T..  Qttaintance,  in  charge  of  deciduous  fruit  insect  investigations. 

E.  F.  Phillips,  in  charge  of  bee  culture. 

I>.  M.  Rogers,  wi  charge  of  preventing  spread  of  mollis,  field  work. 

Rolla  I'.  Curbie,  in  chnrijc  of  editorial  work. 

M  lbel  Colcord,  in  charge  of  library. 

Truce  Chop  and  Stored  Produi  i    [nse<  i    [nvestigations. 

I'.    II.   ( 'll  l  111  NDl  \.   ;'(/    clniri/i  . 


II.  M.  Russell,  C.  II.  Popenoe,  W'.m.  B.   Parker,  II.  <>.   Marsh,  M.  M.  High, 

Fred  A.  Johnston.  .1.  I-:.  Graf,  entomological  assistants. 
I.  J.  Condit,  collaborator  in   California. 
1'.  T.  Cole,  collaborator  in  tidewater  Virginia. 
\V.  X.  Ord,  collaborator  in  Oregon. 
Trios.  II.  Jones,  collaborator  in  Porto  Rico. 
Marion  T.  Van  Horn,  Pauline  m.  Johnson,  preparators. 


Circular  No.  145. 

I  nited  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

BUREAU  OK  ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  O.   HOWAKI),    RntomoloffUt  and  Chief  of  Hureau. 

THE  LARGER  ( 'ANN  V   LEAF-ROLLER. 

i  i  'alpoih  -  cthlius  «  i  am.  i 

I'.y    I'.    II.    i   ii  i  ii  i  mii  \      Si       I  ' 
In  Chnrffi    i>f   Truck  Crop  and  8torcd   Product   Insect   Inrmtigatin 

KM  IN  l    I  \.U  IM     VXD  METHOD  Ol      ATTACK. 

During  the  year  I'M  1  the  leaf-rolling  caterpillar  of  Calporfe* 
ethiiun  Cram,  attracted  considerable  attention  from  ii-  abundance  in 
most  of  iln'  public  parks  in  tin-  District  of  Columbia,  and  at  West 
Grove,  Pa.;  Xorfolk,  VTa.;  West  Raleigh,  V  C.;  Memphis,  Tenn.; 
Clinton,  Miss.;  Birmingham,  Ala.;  and  Orlando.  Fla.  In  earlier 
years  ii  has  ravaged  fields  "t  cannn  in  portions  '>!'  South  Carolina 
and  Alabama. 

In  Septemlwr,  IU04,  :i  l<»i  of  specimens  \\:i-  received  from  Mr. 
L.  II.  Read,  Eruitdale,  Ala.,  nn  I i < »  wrote  that  thousands  >>(  tin-  cater- 
pillars weir  in  the  fields  and  that  hand-picking  \\;i-  mil  of  the 
question.  All  bronze  varieties  of  canna  were  injured,  including  s 
<>r  In  varieties.  Among  those  most  attacked  were  Mississippi,  Mont 
Blanc,  Explorateur  Crampbell,  and  Italia.  A  few  green  varieties 
were  somewhat  affected,  but  as  ;i  rule  were  scarcely  touched,  ob- 
viously <>\\  ing  to  their  thicker  and  tougher  leaves.  The  caterpillar 
was  observed  :it  work  only  ;ii  night.  The  same  year  the  species  was 
observed  somewhat  abundantly  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  by  Prof.  A.  L. 
Quaintance,  and  sparingly  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  by  Prof.  E.  R  «■ 
Titus.  Although  only  n  \'v\\  instances  <>f  severe  injury  are  cited, 
these  are  doubtless  merely  representatives  of  many  which  were  not 
reported. 

August  _'7.  r.  »<>.">.  the  writer  observed  considerable  injury  by  this 
caterpillar  to  many  of  ih>'  decorative  cannn  growing  on  the  grounds 
of  the  Department  <>f  Agriculture  :it  Washington,  I  >.  (\.  and  after- 

l 


THE    LARGER    (ANNA   LEAF-ROLLER. 


wards  noted  similar  injury  in  several  of  the  smaller  public  parks 
of  this  city,  showing  that  the  attack  was  not  local,  although  more 
severe  on  the  department  grounds,  which  had  attracted  the  but- 
terflies from  afar,  doubtless  owing  to  the  much 
larger  parkage.  Caterpillars  kept  under  observa- 
tion had  "spun  up*'  for  pupation  by  September 
3,  but  at  this  time  there  were  still  many  young 
larvae  present  in  garden  plats,  and  there  was 
evidence  that  they  had  been  at  work  at  least  a> 
late  as  the  middle  of  August,  while  the  age  of  the 
larva  indicated  that  the  butterflies  had  appeared 
to  lay  their  eggs  late  in  July,  but  evidentty  not 
earlier.  The  cause  of  this  invasion  was  appar- 
ently that  the  summer  of  100">  was  an  unusually 
hot  one.  Heat  favors  an  increase  of  insects  of 
this  type.  Prevailing  southerly  wind-,  however. 
were  probably  more  potent  factors  in  causing 
this  migration  from  the  Gulf  region  northward, 
since  the  summer  of  190G  was  still  warmer, 
but  with  much 
greater  humid- 
ity, and  under 
these  condi- 
tions only  one 
pupa  was  found 


Pig.  1. — The  larger 
canna  Jen f  -  roller 
i  Calpodea  cthliua  i  : 
Pull  -  grown  larva. 
About  one-third  en- 
larged.   (Original.) 


during  that  en- 


tire year. 
The  attention  of  the  writer  was 
attracted  to  injury  by  this  spe- 
cies by  the  large  irregular  areas 
which  were  cut  away  from  the 
margins  of  the  canna  leaves.  It 
was  then  noticed  that  the  larva 
(fig.  1)  begins  operations  by  cut- 
ting a  small,  more  or  less  oblong 
strip  about  one-half  inch  long 
from  the  edge  of  a  leaf  and  fold- 
ing it  neatly  over  on  the  lower  sur- 
face. (See  fig.  2.)  Within  this 
Hap.  which  is  nearly  flat,  the 
larva  lives  concealed,  feeding 
above  and  below  its  retreat.     As 

it  increases  its  growth  the  larva  make-  large  incisions  in  the  leaf's 
edge,  with  a  correspondingly  large  flap  (fig.  3).  Tt  is  not  until  the 
larva  is  considerably  larger  that  it  forms  large  tubular  retreats.     (See 


Pig.  2. — Canna  leaf  showing,  at  left,  injury 
by  an  older  larva  of  the  larger  canna 
leaf  roller.     (Original.) 


I  II  I     l.xia.i  i:    «    \\  N  \    LEAF  UOLM  H. 


3 


lin.  I.)  Rarely  .1  larva  folds  ■  portion  of  the  lower  side  of  h  leaf 
over  the  upper  Burface.    Tina  operation  may  vary  under  differenl  con 

ditions  in  (it  her  localities. 

Tin'  following  year,  1907,  tlii-  species  came  under  the  observation 
of  Mr.  II.  M.  Russell,  a(  Orlando,  Fla.,  on  August  24.  At  t li i-  time 
he  found  all  stages  in  great  abundance  on  canna,  the  leaves  of  which 
w  ere  being  cut  t<>  pieces.  Manx  plant-  were  stripped  of  leaves  do*  n 
to  the  midrib. 

\     I  K<  ifli     \l      I  N  -I  1    I  .     KIM   Hi    n|      Bl      I  I.'"-  I  . 

This  -pcric-  ami  it-  injuries  have  been  known  for  man}  years, 
yet  only  one  comprehensive  article  on  it  has,  in  our  knowledge, 
appeared  in  any  work  on 
economic  entomology,1  al- 
though the  insect  in  it-  \ ari- 
ous  stages  was  described  in 
detail  h\  Dr.  S.  II.  Scudder 
in  his  Butterflies  of  the 
Eastern  United  States  and 
Canada.1  The  entire  ap- 
pearance of  the  insect  from 
the  larval  stage  t"  the  adult 
i-  indicative  of  it-  tropical 
origin,  and  it  i-  still  some- 
what restricted  to  the  South. 
There  is  a  possibility,  how- 
ever, that  it  may  gradually 
extend  it-  present  distribu- 
tion  if  it  can  obtain  a  foot- 
ing iii  greenhouses  where 
canna-  are  grown. 

During     1911,     at     Wash-      p,..   3, — Canna  leaf  showing  Injury  by  still  older 

injzton,    D.    ('..    the    writer 
... 
obtained  many  specimens  ot 

rolled -up  leave-  of  canna.  some  containing  pupa;  and  larva?,  Novem- 
ber 1:  and  later.  November  :>.  after  a  frost  of  28  I'..  1  live  pupa. 
1  dead  larva,  and  2  dead  pupa?  were  found.  This  material  was 
placed    under   the    same    condition-    a-    tho-e    under    which    it    would 

have  remained  where  found  -that  is,  in  the  open     but  none  had  trans- 
formed to  butterflies  up  to  November  •_'•_'.  showing  quite  conclusively 
that    this    material,    which    was   carefully    handled,    would    naturally 
I  under  the  circumstances.     In  the  parks,  when  the  cannas 

were  cut,  the  immature  stages  in  leave-  wen-  left    for  a  dav  or  twn 


"■4.  Bur    I 
■  i  in  iii.-  pi 
I"! 


Ill  I.    LARGER    (ANNA    LEAF-ROLLER. 


and  afterwards  presumably  taken  away  where  they  would  not  have 
had  an  opportunity  to  transform  any  more  than  they  would  have  had 

under  the  conditions  previously  mentioned.  Several  days  later. 
November  27,  only  one  living  pupa  was  found,  and  this  evidenced 
very  little  likelihood  of  ever  recovering  from  the  cold,  showing  con- 
clusively that  the  species,  unless  it  happens  to  find  some  unusually 
•rood  place  for  hibernation,  is  "•killed  out"  by  the  severe  frosts  of 
practically  every   winter.     These  conditions  may  even  exist   farther 

southward  than  the 
Districl  of  Columbia. 
wherever  severe  frosts 
arc  encountered. 

DESCRIPTIVE. 

The  butterfly.  —  The 
parent  of  this  singular 
leaf-roller  is  a  butterfly 
belonging  to  the  sub- 
family Pamphilinse  of 
the  family  Hesperiidae, 
or  skippers.  It  is  one 
of  the  larger  skippers, 
with  a  wing  expanse  of 
between  1  and  1  \  inch'-. 
The  head  is  very  broad, 
with  large  eyes,  and  the 
body  is  thick  and  heavy. 
The  upper  surface  of 
the  head,  thorax,  and  a 
portion  of  the  abdomen 
i>  thickly  covered  with 
long  olive  hairs.  The 
wings  are  dark  brown. 
with  white  semitrans- 
parent  >pots.  arranged 
as  in  figure  6,  '/.  which 
also  shows  the  location  of  the  masses  of  yellowish  hairs,  the  contour 
of  the  wines,  and  the  structure  of  the  antennae.  The  lower  surface 
of  the  wings  is  much  paler  brown,  or  fulvous,  and  more  nearly 
uniform  in  color.  The  head  and  body  are  still  paler  yellowish. 
The  adult  is  sometimes  called  the  Brazilian  skipper. 

The  egg  is  illustrated  by  Scudder.    It  i-  subhemispherical  in  outline. 
as  viewed  from  the  side,  and  has  a  convex  base,  while  the  surface 
very  irregularly  reticulated,  in  mos<  cases  pentagonally.    The  broadest 


■i 


Fig.  4. — Section  of  canna  leaf,  showing  edjro  rolled  over 
mill  fastened  by  larva  of  (lie  larger  eanna  leaf-roller. 
Folded  section  taken  the  last  <>f  October,  showing 
larger  size  than  in  summer.     (Original.) 


I  II  i     i   VRG1  H    I    W  n  \    LEA*    ROLLI  R. 


diameter  is  1.25  nun.:  height  about  <>.7  nun.     Kggs  1 1 ;* ^ •  •  not  been  Been 
by  the  writer,  and  the  color  does  not  appear  to  have  been  designated. 

J !,,  In,.-,/,  or  caterpillar,  is  quite  remarkable  because  of  it-  semi- 
transparency.  Its  surface  is  without  hair,  and  the  general  color  is 
moderately  pale  green,  \v  i 1 1 ■  dark-orange  subtriangular  head,  which 
is  marked  by  n  frontal  subtriangulai  space.  The  thoracic  segments 
are  greenish  testa- 
ceous :i lit  1  nunc  cu- 
lt-- tinged  with 
orange.  ;it  least 
in  preserved  spec- 
imens. The  re- 
mainder nf  the 
body  is  nearly 
transparent,  pre- 
senting i  \  iew  "I 
tin-  vascular  and 
nervous  -\  stem  be- 
neath the  skin,  as 
illustrated  in  fig- 
ures 1  and  6,  b. 
The  length  <>f  the 
larva,  when  full 
grown,  is  about  1 ,; 
inches,  l>ut  when 
fully  extended  it 
reaches   2|    inches. 

Tlti  pupa  is 
nearly  as  striking 
as  is  the  larva.  It 
is  of  similar  pale 
greenish  color  and 
of  the  appearance 

own  in  figure  6, 
.  d.  [*he  head  is 
prolonged  into  a 
curved  process,  and 
the  tongue  extends 
in  a  nearly  straight 
line      considerably 


Work  ,,f  lancet  canna  leaf-roller:    \»  richt    rahnlar 
i.i  which  the  larra  feed*   at  left,  *;imc  showing 
pnpn   within  l.l 


beyond  i lu>  prolonged  anal  tubercle.     Without  the  projections  it   i- 
nearly  as  long  as  the  unextended  larva. 


D1STRIB1    11<'N. 


-    idder  stairs  that  the  principal  range  of  tln>  spi  from  Cen- 

tral America  to  the  northern  part-  of  the  South  American  Continent, 


6 


THE    LARGER    (ANNA    LEAF-ROLLER. 


although  it  inhabits  also  the  extreme  Southern  States  of  our  Union. 
So  far  as  can  be  learned  it  is  known  to  exist  permanently  only  in 
the  (Julf  States.  South  Carolina,  and  Porto  Rico  in  our  domains.  It 
also  inhabits  Cuba  and  Jamaica,  however,  and  in  South  America 
occurs  as  far  south  as  Argentina,  where  it  was  years  ago  reported  to 
be  common  by  Burmeister. 

In  an  earlier  article  on  this  species  (loc.  cit.) ,  Scudder's  dictum  was 
followed  and  the  mentioned  occurrence  of  this  species  at  Bay  Ridge, 
Long  Island,  and  at  New  York  City  were  considered  as  merely  tran- 
sitory. It  is  evident  that  such  infestations  may  occur  in  the  North 
whenever  conditions  favor  the  northward  flight  of  the  butterfly. 
These  conditions  have  been  mentioned.  It  is  hardly  probable  that 
the  insect   successfully  overwinters  in  the  District  of  Columbia  or 


I'n  .  6. — The  larger  canna  leaf-roller   {Calpoiles  ethlius)  :  <i,  Bntterfly ;   h,  partly  grown 
larva:  c,  pupa,  front  view;  il,  pupa,  side  view.      Enlarged.     (Original.) 

northward,  but  that  it  flies  in  a  northerly  direction  whenever  there 
are  favorable  conditions  for  such  a  flight.  Careful  search  was  made 
by  the  writer  in  the  parks  of  Xew  York  City  in  September  and  Octo- 
ber of  1011.  as  also  throughout  Long  Island  to  Riverhead,  but  there 
was  no  evidence  whatever  of  the  presence  of  this  species  in  the  State 
of  Xew  York  that  year. 


EARLIER    ACCOUNTS   OF    INJURY, 


In  the  records  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  we  have  account-  of 
injuries  and  of  other  observations  on  this  species,  as  follows:  dune  7. 
1880;  we  received  from  Dr.  J.  II.  Mellichamp,  Bluffton,  S.  C.  a  report 
that  the  larva  had  utterly  destroyed  some  luxuriant  plants  of  (  an 
■fiaccida  in  his  garden.  August  9,  1>V~,  we  received  from  Mr.  A.  L. 
Townsend,  Bay  Ridge.  Long  Island,  report  that  the  species  did  much 


I  III.    i.xia.i  R  CANNA    i  i   \l    ROU  i  R.  / 

damage  i"  French  cm  hum-  ami  to  t  aludiutn  escuhiitutn.    In  our  real 
in^:  cages  the  butterflies  hatched  June  L2  and  August  26. 

The  caterpillars  appear  to  affect  only  plants  "I  the  genus  Canna, 
when  these  are  obtainable,  and  sometimes  thej  are  so  abundant  as  to 
ilo  much  damage,  a<  times  utterly  destroying  luxuriant  plants.  I' 
II.  (i.  Dyar,  <>l'  the  Hunan  of  Entomology,  mentions  n  case  in  which 
the  larvae  were  eating  the  leaves  of  canna  in  the  grounds  of  a  hotel 
at  Miami.  Fla.,  considerably  injuring  the  appearance  of  the  plant-. 

I. II  I     HISTORl      \  M>    HABITS. 

Eggs  are  laid  singly  and  separately,  sometimes  in  groups  of  from 
five  to  seven,  on  the  under  surface  of  leaves.     According  to  M 
Helen   King1   they  hatch   in  Texas  in  six  days,  while  in  Florida, 
according  to  Wittfeld,  they  may  hatch  in  four  days. 

On  hatching,  the  caterpillar,  as  is  common  with  many  species,  de- 
vours a  portion  of  its  eggshell,  whereupon,  after  feeding  lightly  on  a 
leaf,  it  folds  the  latter  over  ami  confine-  it  in  place  with  a  few  stitches 
of  silk,  enlarging  it-  retreat  as  it  develops.  From  the  tubular  case 
thus  formed  it  feeds  along  the  edges  and  ret  teat-,  within  when  dis- 
turbed.  It  is  careful  to  eject  all  excreta  and  exuvia?,  but  in  spite  of 
it-  cleanline»  the  caterpillar  is  frequently  attacked  by  disease. 

Dr.  Dyar  has  ascertained  that  there  are  customarily  five  stages 
of  this  larva.  The  larva,  when  full  grown,  develops  to  a  pupa  in  its 
resting  place,  ■•held  by  a  transverse  loop  and  a  hand  of  -ilk  for  the 
cremaster.  The  cremasterial  hand  is  attached  at  one  end  to 

the  leaf:  at  the  other  to  the  transverse  thread."    This  accurately  de- 
scribes the  pupal  case  as  observed  in  specimens  received  at  this  office. 

According  to  data  accumulated  by  Scudder,  the  butterfly  is  on  the 
wing  in  southern  Florida  in  May.  and  from  eggs  laid  in  the  middle 
of  the  month  the  butterflies  reappear  in  the  first  half  of  dune.  In 
South  Carolina  the  season  is  a  little  later,  and  there  mature  cater- 
pillar- have  been  observed  before  the  middle  of  June  and  fresh  but- 
terflies from  the  1  lit  1 1  of  the  month  to  the  end.  Scudder  conch 
that  there  are  two  generations  before  midsummer.  Judging  by 
recent  experience  there  are  likely  to  he  two  more  generations  before 
cold  weather,  hut  we  do  not  know  how  the  winter  i-  passed.  The 
moths  from  one  of  these  generations  appear  in  the  latter  part  of 
September. 

Of  the  butterfly  Angus  has  stated  that  he  was  attracted  to  an  indi- 
vidual, which  he  captured  near  New  York  City,  "by  the  peculiarity 
of  it-  movements  on  the  wing;  they  were  very  undulating,  like  those 
id  gnatSj  a-  they  rose  and  fell  almost  perpendicularly  and  in  a  very 
easy    manner."'      Wittfeld    add-    that    one   of   the    favorite    time-    for 


■  Psyche,  Vol.   111.  pp    322  324,    I8S 

*  Entomological   Se«  -     :">    163   1';.".. 


8 


THE    LARGEB    (ANNA   LEAF-ROLLEE. 


flight  of  the  butterfly  in  fair  weather  i>  after  sundown.     Miss  Helen 
King  describes  its  motion  ;is  "  very  rapid." 

VARIETIES  OF  (ANNA    MOST  AFFECTED. 

The  question  as  to  whether  dark  varieties  of  canna  are  more 
affected  by  this  species  than  are  green  one^  remain-  for  further  in- 
vestigation. In  the  District  of  Columbia  the  green-foliage  varieties 
which  have  come   under  the   writer's  observations  are  considerably 

more  affected  than  the  darker  ones. 
"When,  however,  the  insect  become-- 
very  abundant  it  attack-  all  va- 
rieties. One  correspondent,  men- 
tioned on  the  introductory  page, 
has  stated  of  the  occurrence  of 
this  species  in  the  Gulf  region  that 
it  affect-  more  particularly  the 
dark  varieties.  A  leaf  showing 
severe  injury  by  this  species  of 
leaf-roller  is  illustrated  in  figure 
7.  and  a  bed  of  cannas  showing 
similar  injury  is  shown  in  figui 

NATURAL    ENEMIES. 

In  spite  of  years  of  experience 
with  this  specie-,  neither  Mr.  Ru-- 
sell  nor  the  writer  has  been  able 
to  observe  any  form  of  disease, 
but  Mr.  E.  G.  Smyth,  when  work- 
ing under  the  writer's  direction  at 
Diamond  Springs,  Va.,  observed 
two  larva>  killed  by  disease  Octo- 
ber S.  1000. 

During  October,  1907,  Mr.  Rus- 
sell found  at  Orlando.  Fla..  quite 
a  number  of  egg  parasites.  Octo- 
ber 12  he  found  a  canna  leaf  on 
which  were  33  eggs  of  this  species,  5  unhatched.  and  2  hatched  larvae; 
26  of  the>e  eggs  had  given  out  parasites  through  a  very  minute  hole 
in  the  side.  October  10.  4  unhatched  i"s:g>  were  placed  in  one  vial 
and  1G  in  another  vial.  November  1.  while  away,  the  egg-  hatched 
out  "20  minute  parasites.1  Pentartkron  minutum  Riley,  as  identified 
by  Mr.  A.  A.  Girault.  In  the  other  vial  one  larva  hatched:  the  re-t 
gave  forth  many  minute  parasites  of  the  same  species  and  one  large 
unidentified  parasite.2  These  observations,  although  few  in  number, 
show  a  high  percentage  of  egg  parasitism. 


FlG.  7. — Canna  leaf,  showing  advanced 
injury  by  larva-  of  the  lari-er  canna 
leaf-roller.     (Original.) 


1  Chlttn.  No.  J0!Y". 


!  Chlttn.   No 


I  II  I      I    \l;i  .1  i;    t    \  \  \  \     I  l    \  I     1:1  >l .;  '.I 

Ml  rilODfl   OF    CONTROL.. 

The  rolled  over  margin*  of  the  lenve  of  canna  caused  \>\  this 
caterpillar  can  after  :i  time  be  verj  readily  detected  while  the  larva 
are  still  young.  (See  fig.  2.)  Later  large  holes  "ill  appear  and  the 
rolled -up  leaves  will  In-  more  prominent  unless  something  is  done 
to  check  tlic  pest.  The  dark  excrement  will  be  found  below  the 
infested  leaves  and  will  also  serve  to  indicate  the  presence  of  the 
larva,  and  after  opening  anj  of  these  rolled-over  leaves  the  insect 
will  usually  be  found  therein,  or  traces  of  its  former  presence.  All 
of  these  facts,  together  with  the  large  size  of  the  insect  itself,  permit 
it-  control  l>\   hand  methods.     Hand-picking  was  successfully  prac- 


S      Bed     •       nnns  shov  Her.     M  ■      1<  uvea 

wlltod  nod  dying,  or  nol  Mri      Wimhlnjrton,  D  nal.) 

ticed  at  Lafayette  Square,  Washington,  I>.  ('..  in  late  July,  1911, 
and  on  the  Department  of  Agriculture  grounds,  by  squeezing  the 
leaves  with  gloved  hands.  In  the  former  locality  the  insects  were 
very  abundant;  in  the  latter  they  were  so  well  controlled  by  hand 
methods  as  scarcely  to  be  noticed  on  the  many  canna  plants  which 
wore  grown. 

The  usual  arsenicals,  such  as  Pari-  green  and  arsenate  of  lead, 
with  or  without  Bordeaux  mixture,  ran  be  used  without  any  real 
danger  of  poisoning.  Their  use  is  not  always  desirable,  because  of 
the  presence  of  children,  who  are  allowed   to  roam  into  yard-  which 


10 


THE    LARGER    (ANNA    LEAF-ROLLER. 


are  not  protected  Ijy  gates;  but  this  i-  not  the  case  with  our  public 
parks,  where  the  cannas  grow  in  great  profusion  and  are  sufficiently 
protected  by  frames  and  where  warning  is  always  given  by  the  offi- 
cers  in  charge  to  keep  away  from  the  growing  plant-.  These  arsen- 
icals  may  be  used  with  a  knapsack  or  other  hand  sprayer  in  just  about 
the  same  manner  as  advised  against  the  Colorado  potato  beetle  in 
Bureau  of  Entomology  Circular  87,  a  copy  of  which  may  be  obtained 
on  application  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

It  can  not  be  too  Strongly  emphasized  that  whatever  method  is 
used,  whether  spraying  or  hand-picking,  should  be  inaugurated  early 
in  the  season  to  prevent  serious  injury  later  on. 

Approved  : 

James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Washington,  D.  C.  December  29,  1911. 


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